Baby bear in Romania – photo Andreea Tinu
Short history
The brown bear lives in the dense forests of mountains and valleys. In Europe, the brown bear lives in Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Poland, Estonia, Russia, the Balkans and Scandinavia. In Italy and Spain it lies on the verge of extinction. The brown bear is extinct in Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium, Hungary, UK, Ireland. Romania is the country where nearly 40% of the European bear population lives in the Carpathian mountains, making it the second most populous country after Russia.
Brown bear distribution map in Europe
The bear is a strictly protected species registered in the EU Habitats Directive (Natura 2000). The high value of bear trophies – between 4.000-15.000 Euro per bear – is reason why the government was accused of exaggerating the real numbers of remaining brown bears. In September 2016, the government renewed the new hunting quotas to 552 bears, 657 wolves and 482 Lynx and wild cats. The government was accused of using a system that counts and kills wild animals for profit (source).
Deforestation, a major threat for the brown bear and other wild animals, is lead by large corporations: “Major Austrian timber firm accused of illegal logging in Romania” https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/21/holzindustrie-schweighofer-austrian-timber-firm-accused-of-illegal-logging
Though Scandinavia’s territory is larger, the bear population is lower due to less food availability in the cold environment. The harsher climate and the lower hunting quotas makes hunters lean towards Romania and the Balkans as favorite hunting grounds.
After Romania’s admission into the European Union in 2007, the free market lead to increased logging by foreign companies and hunting tourism, while shepherds and locals are being forced to give up their traditional way of life and their villages in the mountains in order to make room for “eco-parks”.
Brown bear trophies in Romania – source http://www.europehunting.com
Hunting is an expensive privilege. For a bear trophy, hunters pay 4.000-15.000 euro.
Every year, dozens of bear cubs are orphaned in the forests of Romania due to deforestation and hunting despite the bear being protected by law.
“Romania has today the biggest population of European Brown Bear and absolutely without doubts the biggest trophies.” See more here – http://www.europehunting.com/en/hunts/european-brown-bear-hunting-in-romania
“Why hunting in Romania? It’s very simple… Romania is one of the few countries in Europe where the habitat and game are unaltered by human civilization. Wolves, bear and lynx inhabit primeval forests”. See more here – http://www.hunting-in-romania.com/
“With its alpine meadows and peaks and ancient pine forests, there is plenty to keep the hunter amused! Romania is truly one of the best European destination for the serious bear shot.” See more here – http://www.realbig5.com/general/16/romania/39/brown-bear.html
Brown bear trophies in Romania – source http://www.europehunting.com
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Historically, hunting in the Carpathians of Moldavia and Vallachia was not restricted solely to nobility and it consisted mostly of wild birds, rabbits, deer, boar and foxes. Hunting reserves were then established in the XV century by the Hungarian and Austrian nobility, who gave themselves exclusive rights over hunting. By the XIX century, the mountains of Transylvania were a hunting hot spot for European nobility and royalty due to its diverse fauna, which was already going extinct in the West. Hungarian nobility developed their own hunting dog called the Transylvanian Hound. In other parts of Europe, bear meat was a delicacy for the aristocracy.
Following intensive hunting and logging for export in the last centuries, ten animal species became extinct in Romania, see list here http://www.descopera.ro/natura/3994360-top-10-cele-mai-importante-animale-disparute-din-romania
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Today, more species are endangered including the European Brown Bear, the Grey Eolf and the Eurasian Lynx. In a silent concerted effort from governments and corporations, national parks are now being sold by piece to private businesses. Conservation Carpathia foundation lead by billionaire Hansjörg Wyss bought thousands of hectares from Piatra Craiului national park with funds from the European Economic Area grants, and with prince Charles as its top promoter (see here).
National Park = protected areas administered by sovereign states which cannot be alienated.
The foundation lead by billionaire Hansjörg Wyss intends on buying over 50.000 hectares in the Southern Carpathians, which has the largest bear population. Over 3.000 hectares of hunting ground are already in its private property.
The foundation intends on buying 50.000 hectares in the southern Carpathians (the highest and most dense mountains in Romania) with plans to turn them into the “Yellowstone of Europe”. Over 3.000 hectares of hunting territories were bought so far where the largest bear populations can be found.
While the future national park is promoted the public as a haven for nature conservation, they also admit that a part of the park will be exploited by private companies (source): logging, extraction of resources, hunting and organic agriculture in the fertile soil. Much like the national parks of South America and Africa where western mining, logging and agribusiness take place in national parks and reservations.
While the old Romanian mountain villages and houses were scattered and man lived in harmony with nature without invading and scouting the environment, modern tourist settlements and other residential projects (example) are large, crowded and invasive to the ecosystem. The projects fragment the ecosystem, which cannot support wildlife on the long term.
Traditional Romanian mountain villages and houses were scattered, unlike modern residential projects and tourist resorts which are crowded and invasive to the ecosystem. In photo – villages in the Moldavian-Transylvanian mountains.
At the same time, more and more green groups around the world are being accused of selling out to corporations (“WWF International accused of selling its soul to corporations” The Guardian, 2014).
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In Prahova valley – one of the most crowded tourist areas with intense deforestation and a real estate boom – the bear is visibly affected. “Garbage bears” are a common sight for over two decades and even mothers with cubs, who normally are very wary, are seen sitting by the road or looking through garbage bins for food.
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Bears are primarily vegetarian which is why forests, with the diversity of fruits, plants and insects are vital to them.
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Bears, like many wild animals, are shy creatures who usually hide from humans. Only in exceptional circumstances do they become aggressive – when they feel threat, especially mothers with cubs.
Bear filmed in the Eastern Carpathians on Salard hunting ground
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In attempts to justify the rise of hunting quotas, the government and media constantly induce panic and describe the bear as a dangerous intruder. Romanian politician calls for the army to help control bear population (The Guardian, 2014).
In September 2016, the government renewed the new annual hunting quotas to 552 bears, 657 wolves and 482 Lynx and wild cats. The government was accused of using a system that counts and kills wild animals for profit (source), while their real numbers are assumed to be lower than the official statistics.
The brown bear first disappeared in Great Britain ten centuries ago due to overhunting.
Transhumance in the Southern Carpathians. Due to their ancient pastoral lifestyle, Romanian shepherds have long lived alongside bears and other predators.
With their ancient pastoral lifestyle, Romanian, Balkan and other Carpathian shepherds have long lived alongside bears, wolves and other predators. During summers, shepherds lead their herds across the mountain pastures, accompanied only by a few helpers – the sheepdogs. Surrounded by meadows and forests, livestock is constantly a target for predators, though they will attack only when very hungry. If losses are registered, shepherds will not respond by killing off predators but instead consider it part of nature.
The recent reintroduction of brown bears in France and Germany did not go so well: 2009 – French Pyrenees: bad news bears, 2006 – 170 years on, wild bear returns in Germany – to a death sentence, 2013 – Switzerland’s only wild bear is shot.
The German bear reintroduced in the Alps was stuffed and placed in a museum in Munich after being killed.
The bear in Romanian mythology
The Bear is deeply instilled in Romanian history and traditions. The bear is regarded as both a strong fierce animal, and a godly creature. The biggest and strongest bear is called Mos Martin, a mythical character in Romanian mythology.
The Bear dance is a pagan dance ritual practiced in Moldavia’s villages until today. Though part of the winter celebrations, it’s not related to Christianity; the dance is part of the many archaic traditions inherited “din moşi-strămoşi” (from distant ancestors) which use various animals as motifs, depending on the region (Moldavia, Transylvania, Vallachia). They’re practiced around New Year Eve as fertility rituals that celebrate the renewal of life during the winter solstice. During the dance, the animals die and come back to life. The bear dance stems from the bear being venerated as the strong animal who managed to defeat winter and announce spring.
According to Ion Ghinoiu, director of Constantin Brailoiu Institute for Ethnography and Folklore “The cult of the bear dates back to the Neolithic times when man and bear co-habituated in caves.” These archaic rituals can be found in various shapes all across Europe from the Carpathians, to the Alps (see here) and the Scandinavian mountains (see here) as they represent a common folk inheritance from pre-Christian times.
The Winter Martinii (Martinii de iarna), celebrated between 1-3 February, the Day of the Bear (Ziua Ursului) celebrated on 2 February, the Bear’s Saturday (Sambata Ursului) and Macaveiul Ursului celebrated on 1,2 and 13 August – are archaic festivities dedicated to the bear.
The winter celebrations are connected to the bear ending hibernation; by following the bear’s behavior, farmers knew when the warm season was approaching. According to tradition, if the bear cannot see its shadow on the snow, the winter is nearing its end and bears end hibernation.
The summer celebration is connected to honey/ fruit harvest and the peak of the bear mating season – when bears move around more than usual and they may accidentally face humans. Which is why on these days, people don’t work. On August 13, a special celebration is held with honey pies and wine sweetened with honey, with the belief that it will protect domestic animals from bear attacks, and protect people from attacks during honey and the fruit/ berries harvest (since honey and fruits are part of the bear’s diet).
Brown baby bears in Romania
Photos by Leonardo Berezovsky
Photo from article below http://adevarul.ro/locale/brasov/un-pui-urs-doar-doua-luni-s-apierdut-mama-lui-fost-salvat-padurari-1_51682224053c7dd83f004772/index.html
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Baby bear saved from a ditch by train workers (amateur footage below). Story here http://www.igj.ro/actualitate/pui-de-urs-salvat-dintr-un-sant-in-apropiere-de-manastirea-lainici.html
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